KOWA YA TUNA BARA!
FITOWA TA 15
JANAR SANI ABACHA DA MASANA’ANTU A NAJERIYA: MANUFOFIN TATTALIN ARZIKI, ZUBA JARI DA FEAP — ME AKA FARA, ME AKA SAMU, KUMA ME YA KASA CIKA?
Mu Bincika. Mu Nazarta. Mu Bayyana Abin da Tarihi da Hujjoji Suka Nuna.
Masana’antu na daga cikin ginshiƙan tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Ƙaƙƙarfan masana’antu na iya samar da ayyukan yi, rage dogaro da kayayyakin da ake shigowa da su daga ƙasashen waje, ƙara darajar albarkatun cikin gida da kuma faɗaɗa tushen tattalin arziki.
Lokacin da Janar Sani Abacha ya karɓi mulki a watan Nuwamba 1993, Najeriya ta riga ta fuskanci manyan ƙalubale a fannin masana’antu, ciki har da ƙarancin jari, matsalolin wutar lantarki, tsadar samar da kaya, dogaro da kayan da ake shigowa da su daga waje da kuma matsalolin wasu manyan kamfanonin gwamnati.
Sai dai gwamnatin Abacha ta kuma ƙaddamar da wasu manufofi da shirye-shirye da nufin sauya alkiblar tattalin arzikin ƙasar.
Tambayar ita ce:
Shin waɗannan manufofi sun farfaɗo da masana’antun Najeriya?
Ko kuwa wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance manyan shirye-shirye ne waɗanda ba a samu damar kammala tasirinsu ba kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin?
DAGA TSARIN KULAWA MAI ƘARFI ZUWA “GUIDED DEREGULATION”
A farkon gwamnatin Abacha, gwamnati na da ƙarfi wajen shiga harkokin tattalin arziki da dama.
Sai daga shekarar 1995 aka fara ganin sauyi zuwa abin da gwamnati ta kira “Guided Deregulation”, wato sassauta wasu dokoki da takunkumi tare da ci gaba da sa ido daga gwamnati.
An sake tsara tsarin kasuwar musayar kuɗin waje ta hanyar Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (AFEM), sannan aka sassauta wasu daga cikin ƙuntatawar da ke kan masu zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje.
Haka kuma aka sake duba wasu haraji da ƙa’idojin shigo da kayayyaki.
Wannan ya nuna cewa manufofin tattalin arzikin gwamnatin Abacha ba su tsaya wuri guda ba tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1998; sun samu sauye-sauye gwargwadon yanayin tattalin arzikin ƙasar.
Sai dai yana da muhimmanci a bambanta tsakanin ƙaddamar da wata manufa da kuma tabbatar da cewa manufar ta samar da sakamakon da ake tsammani. �
World Trade Organization
NIPC: ƘOƘARIN JAWO MASU ZUBA JARI
A shekarar 1995, gwamnatin ta kafa Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC).
Wannan ya kawo gagarumin sauyi a tsarin zuba jari na Najeriya.
A karkashin sabon tsarin, an sassauta wasu daga cikin ƙuntatawar da ke kan masu zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje.
Rahoton gwamnatin Najeriya da aka gabatar a cikin bitar WTO ta 1998 ya bayyana cewa NIPC ta ba mai zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje damar kafa kamfani a Najeriya da mallakar kashi 100 cikin 100 a fannoni da ba su cikin jerin wuraren da aka ware. Kafin wannan tsarin, an takaita mallakar hannun jarin baƙi zuwa kashi 40 cikin 100. �
World Trade Organization
Manufar ita ce a jawo jari, fasaha da ƙwarewa zuwa Najeriya.
Amma akwai bambanci tsakanin ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai jawo jari da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin ya haifar da gagarumin ƙaruwar zuba jari.
Saboda haka, kafa NIPC ya kamata a ɗauke shi a matsayin muhimmiyar gyara ta fuskar manufofin tattalin arziki, ba wai kai tsaye a matsayin hujjar cewa an samu gagarumin bunƙasar zuba jari ba.
MASANA’ANTU: SHIN AN SAMU GASKIYAR FARFAƊOWA?
A nan ne bayanan WTO na shekarar 1998 suka zama masu muhimmanci.
Rahoton ya nuna cewa masana’antun Najeriya har yanzu suna fuskantar manyan matsaloli.
A cewar bayanan da aka gabatar a bitar, ci gaban fannin masana’antu ya ragu daga kashi 1.02 cikin 100 a 1996 zuwa kashi 0.72 cikin 100 a 1997.
Rahoton ya kuma nuna cewa wasu manyan ayyukan masana’antu masu ɗauke da babban jari, musamman waɗanda gwamnati ke da hannu a cikinsu, sun fuskanci:
jinkirin kammala ayyuka;
ƙarin kuɗaɗen gina ayyukan fiye da yadda aka tsara;
ƙarancin amfani da ƙarfin masana’anta;
tsadar samar da kaya;
ƙarancin jarin gudanar da aiki; da
rufe wasu masana’antu. �
World Trade Organization
Wannan shaida tana da muhimmanci.
Idan tambayar ita ce ko gwamnatin Abacha ta samu cikakkiyar farfaɗowar masana’antun Najeriya, bayanan da muka samu ba su goyi bayan irin wannan ikirari ba.
AMMA BA DUK MASANA’ANTU NE SUKA YI DAI-DAI BA
Duk da matsalolin, ba daidai ba ne a ce dukkan masana’antun Najeriya sun shiga matsala iri ɗaya.
WTO ta bayyana cewa wasu sassa kamar abinci, abubuwan sha da masaku sun nuna alamun cin gajiyar sassauta kasuwanci da rage tsoma bakin gwamnati. �
World Trade Organization
Wannan yana nuna cewa tasirin sauye-sauyen manufofin tattalin arziki ya bambanta daga masana’anta zuwa masana’anta.
Wasu sun samu damar cin gajiyar sabon tsarin.
Wasu kuma suka ci gaba da fama da tsofaffin matsaloli na wutar lantarki, kuɗin jari, kayan aiki da ƙarfin samarwa.
Saboda haka, ba zai dace a bayyana wannan tarihi da cewa komai ya yi nasara ko kuma komai ya gaza ba.
Shaidar da ke akwai ta nuna wani yanayi mai gauraye.
FEAP: ƘOƘARIN ƘARFAFA ƘARAMIN MASANA’ANTU
Ɗaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da suka samu muhimmiyar rawa a ƙarshen gwamnatin Abacha shi ne Family Economic Advancement Programme — FEAP.
An kafa FEAP a ranar 12 ga Agusta 1997, ta hanyar Decree No. 11 of 1997. �
International Labour Organization
Bisa bayanan da Hukumar Kwadago ta Duniya, ILO, ta tattara game da dokar, shirin ya tanadi wani tsarin ƙarfafa masu samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka a cikin gida da kuma masu son shiga harkokin cottage industries, tare da tanadin ka’idojin samun rance da yadda za a mayar da shi. �
International Labour Organization
Wannan ya nuna ƙoƙarin gwamnatin na mayar da hankali ba kawai kan manyan masana’antun gwamnati ba, har ma da ƙananan masu sana’a da masu samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida.
Sai dai akwai muhimmiyar tambaya:
Yaya tsawon lokacin da aka samu domin a auna cikakken tasirin FEAP?
An ƙaddamar da shirin ne a shekarar 1997, kusan shekara guda kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin Abacha.
Saboda haka, ba zai zama daidai ba a yi ikirarin cewa FEAP ya kawo cikakkiyar sauyin masana’antu ko tattalin arziki cikin ɗan wannan lokaci.
Abin da za a iya tabbatarwa shi ne cewa:
FEAP wani gagarumin shiri ne da aka ƙaddamar domin ƙarfafa ƙananan masu samar da kayayyaki da masu sana’o’in cottage industries, amma lokacin da aka samu domin a ga cikakken sakamakonsa ya kasance gajere.
SAYAR DA KAMFANONIN GWAMNATI DA COMMERCIALISATION
Wani babban ɓangare na manufofin tattalin arzikin wannan lokaci shi ne privatisation da commercialisation.
A cikin Budget of Consolidation na 1996, gwamnatin Abacha ta sanya batun privatisation da commercialisation cikin muhimman batutuwan manufofin tattalin arziki. Takardar kasafin, wadda National Orientation Agency ta wallafa, ta kuma ƙunshi batutuwan gyaran tattalin arziki, harkar masu zuba jari, kasuwanci da rawar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. �
Nigeria Repository
A shekarar 1998 kuma gwamnati ta sanar da abin da ta kira “Guided Privatization and Commercialization Policy.”
Rahoton WTO ya bayyana cewa a karkashin wannan tsarin, gwamnati za ta riƙe mafi yawa kashi 40 cikin 100 na hannun jarin kamfanonin da za a mayar wa masu zaman kansu. �
World Trade Organization
Amma a nan ma akwai bambanci tsakanin ƙaddamar da manufofin sayar da kamfanonin gwamnati da kuma kammala dukkan shirye-shiryen da aka tsara.
Saboda haka, kasancewar wannan manufa ba hujja ba ce cewa duk abin da aka tsara ya kammala kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin.
TO ME YA SA MASANA’ANTU BA SU FARFAƊO SOSAI BA?
Shaidu daga wannan zamani suna nuna cewa akwai matsalolin da suka fi ƙarfin manufofin da gwamnati ta sanar.
Wutar Lantarki
Rashin ingantaccen wutar lantarki ya ƙara tsadar samar da kaya kuma ya rage ƙarfin masana’antu.
Jarin Gudanar da Aiki
Wasu masana’antu sun fuskanci matsalar samun isasshen kuɗin gudanar da ayyukansu da faɗaɗa samarwa.
Tsadar Kayan Masana’antu
Dogaro da wasu injuna da kayan aiki daga ƙasashen waje ya ƙara kuɗin samar da kaya.
Ƙarancin Amfani da Ƙarfin Masana’antu
Wasu masana’antu ba sa amfani da cikakken ƙarfin da aka gina su da shi.
Matsalolin Manyan Kamfanonin Gwamnati
WTO ta nuna cewa wasu manyan ayyukan masana’antu masu ɗauke da babban jari sun fuskanci jinkiri, ƙarin kuɗaɗen gini, ƙarancin amfani da ƙarfin masana’anta da kuma matsalar jarin gudanar da aiki. �
World Trade Organization
Wannan yana nuna cewa sanar da sabuwar manufa kaɗai ba ya isa wajen gina ƙaƙƙarfan masana’antu.
Ana buƙatar haɗin abubuwa kamar wutar lantarki mai inganci, jari mai sauƙin samu, kayan aiki, ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri da kuma tsarin kasuwanci mai tabbas.
MANUFOFIN SAUYA TSARIN TATTALIN ARZIKI
WTO ta bayyana cewa tun daga 1995 Najeriya ta ƙara dogaro da tsarin kasuwa wajen rabon kuɗin waje tare da sassauta tsarin zuba jari daga ƙasashen waje.
Haka kuma gwamnati ta bayyana manufar “guided de-regulation”, wadda ta haɗa ƙoƙarin bunƙasa kayayyakin da ba na man fetur ba da kuma sassauta shigo da kayayyaki a hankali. �
World Trade Organization
Sai dai WTO ta kuma lura cewa aiwatar da wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen bai kasance daidaitacce ba.
A takaice, an fara canza alkiblar tattalin arzikin ƙasar, amma har yanzu akwai tazara tsakanin manufar da aka tsara da kuma sakamakon da aka samu a aikace.
MAN FETUR YA CI GABA DA RIKE TATTALIN ARZIKI
Duk da ƙoƙarin bunƙasa masana’antu da kayayyakin da ba na man fetur ba, Najeriya ta ci gaba da dogaro sosai da man fetur.
WTO ta bayyana cewa tattalin arzikin Najeriya ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rauni sosai saboda dogaro da farashin man fetur, yayin da ƙoƙarin amfani da kuɗaɗen man fetur wajen faɗaɗa tushen tattalin arzikin ƙasar bai samar da sakamakon da ake tsammani gaba ɗaya ba. �
World Trade Organization
Wannan yana nuna cewa har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Abacha, Najeriya ba ta samu cikakkiyar sauyawa daga tattalin arzikin da ya dogara da man fetur zuwa tattalin arzikin masana’antu mai faɗi ba.
ME BINCIKENMU YA NUNA?
Bayan nazarin manufofi da bayanan da ake da su, KOWA YA TUNA BARA! ya gano manyan abubuwa huɗu.
Na farko: Gwamnatin Abacha ta sauya wasu manufofin tattalin arziki daga tsauraran matakai zuwa tsarin da ta kira “Guided Deregulation.”
Na biyu: An kafa NIPC domin sauƙaƙa zuba jari da jawo masu zuba jari daga cikin Najeriya da ƙasashen waje.
Na uku: An kafa FEAP a shekarar 1997 domin ƙarfafa masu samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka a cikin gida da masu son shiga ƙananan masana’antun cottage industries, tare da tanadin tsarin rance. �
International Labour Organization
Na huɗu: Duk da waɗannan manufofi, bayanan WTO na lokacin ba su nuna cikakkiyar farfaɗowar masana’antun Najeriya ba. Haka kuma dogaron ƙasar kan man fetur ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban ƙalubale. �
World Trade Organization +1
KAMMALAWA
Tarihin masana’antu a zamanin Janar Sani Abacha ba labari ne na cewa komai ya yi nasara ba, kuma ba labari ne na cewa komai ya gaza ba.
An ƙaddamar da wasu muhimman manufofi.
An kafa NIPC.
An sassauta wasu dokokin zuba jari.
An ƙaddamar da FEAP.
An fara ƙarfafa tsarin privatisation da commercialisation.
Amma a lokaci guda, masana’antun Najeriya sun ci gaba da fuskantar manyan matsaloli, kuma bayanan da ake da su ba su nuna cikakkiyar farfaɗowar masana’antu kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin Abacha ba.
Saboda haka, idan tambayar ita ce:
Shin gwamnatin Abacha ta ƙaddamar da muhimman manufofi domin bunƙasa masana’antu?
Eh.
Amma idan tambayar ita ce:
Shin ta samu cikakkiyar farfaɗowar masana’antun Najeriya kafin ƙarshen mulkinta?
Shaidun da muke da su ba su goyi bayan wannan ikirari ba.
Ba muna cewa komai ya yi aiki ba.
Ba kuma muna cewa komai ya gaza ba.
Mun bincika abin da aka fara, abin da aka samu, da abin da ya kasa kammala.
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